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Digital Design and
Manufacturing: CAD/CAM Applications in Architecture
Daniel Schodek, Martin Bechthold, James Kimo Griggs, Kenneth Kao,
Marco Steinberg
John Wiley & Sons, December 2004
Digital Design and Manufacturing explains
what CAD/CAM technologies are all about and how they can be used
in the design and production process. Several architectural case
studies are provided and examples from the world of industrial
design and product design are discussed, as are issues related
to the design of parts and assemblies for automated manufacturing
and assembly. More technically oriented chapters cover how to
implement CAD/CAM technologies in architecture, including software,
computer numerical control (CNC) machines and the manufacturing
process, and modeling.
Table of Contents
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| Preface. |
| Acknowledgments. |
| PART I. CHARACTERISTICS AND
ORIGINS. |
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Chapter 1. Characteristics of
Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Systems. |
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1.1 The Nature of CAD/CAM Technologies.
1.2 Digital Design and Analysis Environments.
1.3 The Manufacturing Environment. |
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Chapter 2. An Evolutionary Perspective. |
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2.1 Parallel Streams.
2.2 The Rise of Industrialization and Automation.
2.3 The Computational Environment.
2.4 The Development of Numerical Control Technology. |
| PART II. THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
CONTEXT. |
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Chapter 3. Transitions: Digital
Design for Fabrication. |
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3.1 Sydney Opera House.
3.2 The Menil Collection.
3.3 Kansai Airport.
3.4 Schlumberger Cambridge Research Center.
3.5 Saga Group Headquarters.
3.6 The Billa Olimpica - The Great Fish of Barcelona.
3.7 Fred and Ginger, Raisin Building. |
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Chapter 4. Complex Architectural
Forms. |
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4.1 A Long History.
4.2 Notes on Defining Surface Shapes.
4.3 Digital Form Finding Techniques.
4.4 Structure and Enclosure.
4.5 Case Studies in Complex Geometry. |
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Chapter 5. Architectural Elements
and Components. |
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5.1 Conde Nast Employee Cafeteria.
5.2 The Kimmel Performing Arts Center.
5.3 BMW Plant in South Carolina.
5.4 Kimo, Inc.. |
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Chapter 6. Building Systems. |
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6.1 Structural Systems.
6.2 Enclosure and Interior Systems.
6.3 Mechanical Systems. |
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Chapter 7. Project Implementation. |
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7.1 3d Models in Project Implementation.
7.2 Applications in Design Development and Project Planning.
7.3 Issues in Model Development and Using Shared Models.
7.4 On-Site Applications.
7.5 Practice and Relationship Issues. |
| PART III. THE PRODUCT AND INDUSTRIAL
DESIGN CONTEXT. |
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Chapter 8. Introduction to Product
Design and Development. |
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8.1 Industrial and Product Design.
8.2 The Product Designer: A Historical Overview.
8.3 Products.
8.4 Product Development.
8.5 The Pingtel Business Phone. |
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Chapter 9. Industrial Design
in Architecture. |
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9.1 General Context.
9.2 A Brief Profession Context.
9.3 Issues in Product Variation and Strategy.
9.4 Issues in Furniture Design.
9.5 The Vecta Kart.
9.6 The Permobil Wheelchair. |
| PART IV. THE DIGITAL DESIGN
ENVIRONMENT. |
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Chapter 10. Fundamentals of
Digital Modeling. |
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10.1 Digital Design Environments: General
Characteristics.
10.2 Geometric Modelers: Basic Categories.
10.3 Digital Representations of Three Dimensional Shapes.
10.4 General Model Building. |
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Chapter 11. Design Development
Environments. |
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11.1 Curved Surfaces: Advanced Modeling
and Analysis.
11.2 Feature-Based Model Building.
11.3 Application-Oriented Model Building.
11.4 Assembly Models.
11.5 Analysis Tools. |
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Chapter 12. Digital Design in
Practice. |
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12.1 Parametric Models in Design.
12.2 Information Exchange Between Standalone Applications.
12.3 Integrated Digital Design Systems: Process Management
and Collaboration. |
| PART V. THE PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT. |
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Chapter 13. Computer Numerical
Control (CNC) Technologies. |
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13.1 The Machine Environment.
13.2 General Characteristics of Computer Numerical Control.
13.3 General Machine Types.
13.4 CNC Machine Control and Operation.
13.5 Specifics of Machine Control within the CAM Environment.
13.6 Manufacturing Application Environments: CAM & CAD/CAM
Software. |
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Chapter 14. Fundamental Manufacturing
Processes. |
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Chapter 15. Prototyping and
Production Strategies. |
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15.1 Introduction.
15.2 Prototypes.
15.3 Making Digital Prototypes.
15.4 Making Physical Form Prototypes.
15.5 Low Volume Production Techniques for Solid Forms. |
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Chapter 16. Design for Production. |
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16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Design and Assembly. |
| PART VI. STRATEGIES. |
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Chapter 17. Manufacturing Systems. |
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17.1 Introduction.
17.2 General Characterizations of Manufacturing Systems.
17.3 Common Components of Manufacturing Systems.
17.4 Approaches and Strategies. |
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Chapter 18. Product Process
Approaches. |
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18.1 Standard Products and Variations: Traditional
Processes.
18.2 Architectural Construction and One-Off Production
18.3 Mass-Customization. |
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Chapter 19. Directions. |
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19.1 Evolving Contexts and Roles.
19.2 Topical Discussion of Technology, Architecture &
Product Design. |
New Technologies in Architecture II & III:
Digital Design and Manufacturing Technique
2003, (Harvard Graduate School of Design)
Two one-day symposia continued the inquiries initiated in a groundbreaking
symposium, held at the Harvard Design School in 2000, addressing
new developments in computer-aided design and manufacturing technologies
and exploring how design and design practice are affected. Both
symposia were structured around case studies and cross-disciplinary
discussion, bringing together leading individuals and companies
currently engaged in the field. The presenters included architects,
engineers, manufacturers, contractors and artists--all of whom
engage these emerging technologies in new and innovative ways.
Cambridge, January 2003
Martin Bechthold
Kimo Griggs
Daniel L. Schodek
Marco Steinberg
Primary Organizers Symposium II: Kimo Griggs, Martin Bechthold
Primary Organizer Symposium III: Marco Steinberg
Contents
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| Symposium II |
Applications in Design
The Kimmel Performing Arts Center: A Case Study
Charles Blomberg, Rafael Vinoly Architects
Damian Murphy, Dewhurst Macfarlane and Partners
Francis O'Neill, Architectural Skylights Co., Inc.
Mike Maguire, Architectural Skylights Co., Inc.
Michael Samra, TryPyramid Structures, Inc. |
Panel Discussion
Kimo Griggs, Moderator
Charles Blomberg, Rafael Vinoli Architects
Christine Clemens, Canon Design
Damian Murphy, Dewhurst Macfarlane and Partners
Francis O'Neill, Architectural Skylights Co., Inc.
Mike Maguire, Architectural Skylights Co., Inc.
Michael Samra, TryPyramid Structures, Inc. |
Keynote Speaker
...on
Furniture Design and Manufacture in the Digital Age
Charles Lazor, Blu Dot |
| CAD/CAM and Engineers |
CAD/CAM for Design and Construction
of Complex Structures
Angus Palmer, Buro Happold |
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacture
of Timber Roof Shells
Klaus Linkwitz, Linkwitz Consulting Engineers |
Engineering of Freeform Architecture
Harald Kloft, Bollinger and Grohmann, office for structural
design |
| Digital Craft |
Design Explorations in Architecture
and Manufacturing
Louis Mackall, Louis Mackall Associates, Breakfast Woodworks |
Precision Machining, Materials, and
Collaboration
Rick Berner, Berner Scientific |
Panel Discussion
Future
Developments and Applications |
Moderator:
Marco Steinberg, Harvard Design School |
Participants:
Robert Aish, Bentley Systems; Rick Berner, Berner Scientific;
Harald Kloft, Bollinger and Grohmann; Klaus Linkwitz, Linkwitz
Consulting Engineers; Louis Mackall, Louis Mackall Architects,
Breakfast Woodworks; Angus Palmer, Buro Happold |
Closing Comments
Daniel L. Schodek, Harvard Design School |
| Symposium III |
Applications in Design
The Experience Music Project: A Case Study |
Moderator: Daniel L. Schodek, Harvard Design
School
Laurence Tighe, Gehry Partners, LLP
Dale Stenning, Hoffman Construction Company
Bill Zahner, A. Zahner Company |
Manufacturing Process: Influences
on Design
Fiber Based Manufacturing
Juhani Salovaara, Studio Salovaarat |
Customization in Building Construction:
Integrating Digital Design and Manufacturing
Martin Bechthold, Harvard Design School |
Impacts on Practice: Prototyping and
Manufacturing In-house
Kimo Griggs, Harvard Design School, JKSG Architects, Kimo
Inc. |
Patient Transport Module: Stroke
PTM Feasibility Study Report
Daniel Schodek, Marco Steinberg
PROBLEM
Over 700,000 strokes are estimated to occur every year in the
US with projected lifetime costs over $30B. For strokes caused
by vessel obstruction, flow must be restored within a therapeutic
time window, or irreversible tissue deaths results. Many external
factors delay patients from seeking health care, and thus limit
treatment within this time window. Therefore, once the patient
has arrived in the emergency room, time is immensely important.
However, 20 to 40 minutes can be lost prior to start of treatment
with patient transfers between bed and radiologic device tables.
SOLUTION
Reduce time to treatment by introducting new technology, the
Storke Patient Transport Module (PTM). The goal of the PTM is
to improve the efficiency of workflow and to reduce or eliminate
non-value-added interactions that delay start of treatment. The
PTM would enable a stroke patient to proceed on a single, moveable
surface designed to 'dock' with existing radiologic imaging equipment
and to accomodate monitoring or treatment needs along the care
route. The minutes saved through its use should have measurable
impact on infarct volume and patient outcomes, thus changing the
overall economic impact of stroke.
This first-phase study consisted of: (1) a detailed needs analysis,
including analysis of existing patient benchmark data, to define
performance requirements, and (2) identification of design strategies
and workflow models based on these proposals.
| Contents |
Overview
Summary report
Premise |
| Introduction |
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1.1 Research objectives
1.2 Background |
| Feasibility Study |
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2.1 Introduction
2.2 Documentation of facilities and equipment
2.3 General process studies
2.4 Interviews
2.5 Comments on general process studies and interviews
2.6 Detailed workflow analyses |
| Design Strategies |
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3.1 Introduction
3.2 Schematic approaches: 1-4 |
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Type 1. "Sled"
Type 2. "Carrier"
Type 3. "Modular"
Type 4. "Fully-Integrated" |
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3.3 Process impact comparisons
3.4 Future directions |
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